Hocketts Design Essays - Linguistics, Human Communication

Hockett's Design In a world where scientists are incessantly attempting to examine the intelligence of life forms other than humans, linguists have presented the idea that language in itself is reserved strictly for humans. One therefore, must attempt to solve that dilemma and come to a conclusion regarding the question is language unique to humans? If language is viewed solely as a system of communication, then it could be said that many differing species possess the ability to communicate. Humans also use certain systems other than language to communicate with others. The questions remains, are the kinds of grammars that represent linguistic knowledge unique to man. Most humans acquiring language utilize speech sounds, made up of an utterance act and illocutionary act, to express meanings, but such sounds are not necessary, which is evident by the deaf's ability to communicate through sign language (Fromkin et al., 1997). Conversely, when animals produce noises to communicate and vocally imitate human utterances, it is not the same as having the ability to communicate through language (Fromkin et al., 1997). Language is a system that relates sounds and gestures to meanings, something animals do not possess (Fromkin et al., 1997). This will further be examined when looking at linguist and anthropologist Charles Hockett's Design Features and how they define what communication must entail to qualify distinctly as a language. The first of Hockett's Design Features is arbitrariness (Hockett, 1958). A word like ?dog', for example, does not have a distinct meaning and sound relationship. The word ?dog' is not synonymous in all languages; while it means the same thing universally, the word used to depict it differs; ?hunt' in German, ?perro' in Spanish, and ?chien' in French. The next characteristic is duality, the fact that words have two levels, one that is meaningless and the other meaningful (Hockett, 1958). When looking the word PIG, the meaningless level is the letters which make up the word p-i-g; by themselves they have no meaning. Conversely when the letters p-i-g are grouped together they form the word PIG which is meaningful. Next, the characteristic is displacement in time and space which means that language must be able to refer to things in the distance (Hockett, 1958). Next, language must have structure dependence (Hockett, 1958). This means that the subject must be distinguishable from the pronoun and vice versa. The sentence ?the dog bites the man' must differ structurally from ?the man bites the dog'. The fifth characteristic is creativity which means that a form of communication must be able to have an infinite sentence (Hockett, 1997). As Chomsky noted, language in itself must be infinite, and by this it is meant that the set of sentences are infinite and new sentences are continuously made and understood (Fromkin et al., 1997). The sixth characteristic is semanticity which means that the form of communication must have the capacity to refer to events and objects - this is similar to displacement in time and space (Hockett, 1958). Next is cultural transmission, the ability to speak the language of the culture from which you are born (Hockett, 1958). Finally, the last of Hockett's Design Features is vocal auditory channel which means that in order for communication to be a language one must use the vocal auditory channel (Hockett, 1958). The exception to this would be the speech impaired who use sign language which is still recognised as a language despite it's inability to fulfill Hockett's last feature (Fromkin et al., 1997). Thus, to answer the question ?is language unique to human's' one must consider all the above mentioned information for analysis. First, arbitrariness is not unique to the human species since birds have the ability to have a bird call in the Eastern US which will differ from one in the Western US (Fromkin et al., 1997). Next, duality is also not unique to humans since the notes in bird songs are only meaningful when they are put together and not alone (Fromkin et al., 1997). As for displacement in time and space, birds are not able to do this while bees, with what is known as the ?bee dance', are able to tell others where the honey is amongst other things (Fromkin et al., 1997). When looking at structure dependence, vocal auditory channel and cultural transmission, it appears that bird grammars exist, however unstructured, that birds can learn other bird calls while among other birds, and that all animals have the ability to use the vocal auditory channel to communicate therefore none of these characteristics are unique to humans (Fromkin et al.,

Articles of Confederation DBQ 2 essays

Articles of Confederation DBQ 2 essays The statement t h a t the Confederation provided the United States with an effective form of government during the Critical Period in American history is false. Although i t had one major accomplishment,the settling of the Northwest territory,the Confederation could not effectively deal with foreign policy,domestic policy,and enforce decisions. By citing examples during the Critical Period and by using several historical documents,this essay will show the ineffectiveness Secondly, the Spanish also refused to respect the American states while they bound by this loose confederation. During the period in American history, Spain closed off the mouth of the mississippi (sic) to the Americans and refused to budge or compromise on this matter. John Jays speech to Congress on the negotiations with Spains Don Diego de Gardoqui shows that the Spanish refused to allow the Us to navigate the mississippi (sic). It also illustrates Spains lack of respect for American negotiators because this Treaty was never signed. As Gardoqui alluded to in Jays speech, the states were too divided on issues in the west to sign the treaty. As a result, the vote needed was never acquired to ratify the treaty. The Articles were a laughing stock to the As a result of inability to effectively negotiate foreign policy,maintain and establish domestic policy,and enforce decisions,the central government under the Articles of confederation did not provide America with an effective government between 1781 and 1789. The documents and events of the period illustrate this ...

Progress report final assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Progress report final assignment - Essay Example The net effect of this nervousness among lenders and creditors is to drive interest rates up in order to partly compensate for the higher risks involved (not getting repaid). Another consequence is people who have money would rather put or park their funds somewhere safe in super-safe Treasury Bills (or T-bills) guaranteed by the government instead of investing them. This lack of confidence in the economy and the future prospects of how well everyone will be doing are putting a squeeze on available credit. The credit crunch has worsened into a credit freeze in which it is now virtually impossible to borrow money. The net effect will be a continued slowing down of the economy and creates a vicious downward cycle in terms of the jobs lost, reduced tax revenues and so on. More ominously, a credit crunch affects everybody alike but the poor and working classes are adversely affected more than anybody. This results in a nation of people with reduced expectations about their standard of li ving. It means people will have to content themselves with less because a credit freeze leads to reduced economic activities which could have helped to spread and re-distribute wealth around. A credit crunch means negative consequences for almost everyone (Herbert, 2011:1). Table of Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......1 Discussion......................................................................................................................3 A. Different ways on how a credit crunch impacts on individuals....†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....................4 A.1. Jobs and Employment Prospects†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....4 A.2. Higher Interest rates for Everything...............................................†¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 A.3. Reduced Savings and Pensions...............................................................................5 A. 4. Increasing Number of Home Foreclosures....................................†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 B. Brief Overview of the Asset Price Bubble Phenomenon†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......6 C. Failure of the Free Market Economy..........................................†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...6 C. 1. Sudden Price Increases in an Asset Class......................................................†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 C. 2. Central Bank Approaches to Mitigate Asset Bubbles†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....7 D. Preparing for a Credit Crunch†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦................7 D. 1. Gather Enough Savings.................... ..............................†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 D.2. Augment your Regular Income...............................................................................8 D.3. Look for Profitable Investment Ventures................................................................8 D.4. Be Financially Conservative...................................................................................8 D.5. Be Financially Literate............................................................................................9 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......9 Bibliography..............................................................................................................10-12 Discussion Ordinary people may not know much what a credit crunch is about or

An essay on Andrew Jackson and the negative aspects of his presidency

An on Andrew Jackson and the negative aspects of his presidency - Essay Example Body During the period of Andrew Jackson’s presidency, a huge amount of population that belonged to the group of Native Americans resided in the regions located east of the Mississippi River as well as West of the Appalachian Mountains (Tucker 667). Although the natives claimed that the land belonged to them, Jackson was against their view and took strong measures against them. He evacuated these Native Americans from their homeland by bribing the leaders of their tribes and even coerced them at the tip of the gun. Due to measures taken by Jackson, these individuals had to travel to look for a new place to settle and due to the difficulty in finding a new location, several of them experienced death and a huge population of those who died included women and children. This event clearly shows that Jackson used his powers in an unethical way and worked against the rights of humans. Human rights are the basis of the foundation of the American society; still Jackson used his power to violate human rights. Due to this move made by Jackson, Native Americans were forced to blend into other cultures and this move is in violation of an individuals’ right of choosing what is right and what is wrong for them. His mal treatment with the Natives did not come to an end even after he kicked them out of their own homeland. The Cherokee, an Indian tribe tried to settle in the region that is referred to as the American Deep South and tried to blend through the act of cultural transformation. While this transformation was taking place, Andrew Jackson again dislocated the Native Americans through the enactment of Indian Removal Act that was enacted during the period of 1830 (Schultz 637). By the period of 1838, the Cherokee community was the last Native American community that was evacuated from their land. Due to this evacuation and relocation a total of 4,000 members of the community of Cherokees experienced death and this incident was regarded as Cherokee Trail of Fears (Seale 259). This movement took place because gold was found in the region where the community settled and Jackson tried to add the region to the state of Georgia, while the Cherokee community protested and took the matters to the court. The court announced the decision in the favor of the community, but Jackson operated against the rulings of the court and took measures to move the community from the region. Again, the rights of the Native Americans were violated by the president. This event even shows that Jackson was misusing his powers as a president and believed that he was above the court of law. When President Jackson came into action, the government system was quite fair in nature, but He reversed fair practices and started operating a corrupt government. He introduced the spoils system; according to this system the president and or the winning political party has the power of electing anybody to any position in the government (Massey 126). He manipulated the governmen t with his powers and replaced the experienced holders of government positions with inexperienced ones. The individuals who were selected to take over government positions were mostly close associated of the president and did not know how to run the affairs. This event even confirms that the president used his powers to manipulate and to obtain personal benefits while disregarding the benefit

Contrast and Compare Leonardo da Vinci's Last Supper with Gioto de Essay

Contrast and Compare Leonardo da Vinci's Last Supper with Gioto de Bondones The Mourning of Christ - Essay Example They presented the men and women in the solemn garb of the Roma forum. Both artists believe that God, His Divine Son, the Blessed Virgin and all the saints are men and women of the noblest physical and moral type. The Florence of Giotto's time was a little city with 100,000 inhabitants. The Florentine artist of his time is also a poet, a thinker, a sculptor and an architect aside from being a painter. The painters joined the guild of druggists who were their color makers. When a patron wanted a painting, he went to the painter's shop and ordered it, specifying the subject and the treatment that he wanted. A wealthy Florentine would naturally want to invest in a fresco. In comparison, the Florence of Leonardo's time was also very prosperous. Florence began the fifteenth century free from foreign domination and relieved from the dangers of Milan after the end of the war of 1402. The Platonic Academy was formed after the Council of Ferrara-Florence in 1439. The Medici family of merchants and bankers rises to power in Florence in the 15th century. Although no member of the family holds an official title until the sixteenth century, the Medicis' enormous wealth and influence grant them virtual rule of Florence. The family dominated the political, commercial, and cultural life of the city. It is under their patronage that Florence becomes a center of humanist learning and the seat of a tremendous flourishing of the arts. Although both artists engaged in fresco painting, their styles are very distinct from one another. For instance, with regard to its subject the theme, the "Last Supper" may be divided into two distinct movements: the institution of the Sacrament and the "Unus vestrum". Leonardo has chosen the moment at which Christ declares that there is a traitor in the company. He chose to highlight the effect of a speech on twelve persons on twelve different temperaments: a single ray and twelve reflections. The subject has been well analyzed by Goethe. It is clear that in a"seated" drama of which the subject is interior disquiet, surprise, anguish, it suffices to show the persons at half length; busts, face, and hands suffice to manifest the moral emotion; the table with its damask cloth by almost completely concealing the lower limbs offered the ingenious artist a resource which he knew how to use. Leonardo divided his actors into two groups, two on each side of Christ, and he linked these grou ps in order to project a certain continuity, animated by a single movement. The whole painting is like the successive undulations of a vast wave of emotions. The fatal word uttered by Christ who is seated at the middle of the table produces a tumult which symmetrically repels and agitates the two nearest groups and which lapses as it is communicated to the two groups farther removed. The intimate composition of each group is wonderful. The emotions of stupefaction, sorrow, indignation, denial, vengeance and the variety of expression which the painter has gathered together in this picture shows the depth of the analysis, the veracity of the types and physiognomies, the power and the accumulation of contrasts. Each head is the "monograph" of a human passion, a plate of moral anatomy. Giotto's method is completely different.

Social and Economic Problems of the Arab World

Social and Economic Problems of the Arab World The Arab World refers to the 22 Arabic speaking countries located between the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east, and the Mediterranean Sea and Turkey in the north to the Indian Ocean and mid-Africa in the south. It consists of an area of around 14 million square kilometres, most of which is desert except for the coastal areas. There are approximately 250 million people living in the Arab World, with the majority being Muslims, although there are many from other religions too. Historically, the Arab World was not divided into states, but now it is, and its 22 countries form many popular regions such as the Gulf area, the Middle East, North Africa and the Sahara. History, language, religion are some of the many unifying factors that exist in the consciousness of every Arab man. After gaining independence, some Arab states and some memorable Arab leaders tried their best to reunify the Arab World, but their efforts were in vain, especially after many failed attem pts such as the rise of the United Arab Republic between Syria and Egypt in 1985. From then on, all Arab states set off on the journey of improving and developing themselves depending on their potential power. Although the Arab World is experiencing a state of stability, there are still many social and economical problems threatening the development of many of the Arab states. The first problem to discuss here is unemployment in Arab countries, which is the highest in the world and threatens to spread poverty in the Arab World; the increase in the number of workers was not matched by an equal increase in employment in the Arab World and with the collapse of the oil revenues and the implementation of stabilization and structural adjustment program, employment growth slowed or became negative; as a result unemployment increased (1). According to the annual report of the Arab Labor Organization, 14% of the population are unemployed, which means that there are more than 17 million Arab people without work. There are many reasons for this: first, the failure of development due to the political situation in the Arab World. Civil wars and conflicts are considered the main obstacles that hinder development. Second, the poor economic performance of the Arab governments due to poor administrative tools and corruption. Third, the failure of education to meet the requ irements of the job market and the neglect of technical and applied education, which is important to widen the labour market. Finally, the failure of the governments to create attractive investment opportunities that could increase the number of jobs that are available, and the weak laws that, if strengthened, could encourage investments. This dangerous problem has devastating effects, and so Arab states should do their best to encourage the private sector to increase the number of job opportunities for unemployed people. This can be achieved through issuing a number of laws to urge businessmen and companies to get involved in the national market. In addition to encouraging investment within the Arab World, investment in the Western countries should be encouraged, as well as opening the national market to foreign firms and companies to set up effective projects, which could help the national economy improve. Another social problem in the Arab World is that women do not have access to all of the rights stated in the Islam religion, despite the fact that the majority of Arabs are Muslims. In Islam, women have the right to learn, to live a good life, to agree or refuse marriage, to work, and many others, and it is totally forbidden to deny them of any of these. In the Arab World, many women are not given these rights, and in some Arab countries, girls under the age of 15 are forced to get married to older men without their consent. One example is a 12-year-old Yemeni girl, who was forced into marriage and then died during painful childbirth, which also killed her baby. Moreover, according to UN data, the proportion of womens representation in Arab parliaments is only 3.4% (as opposed to 11.4% in the rest of the world). In addition, 55% of Arab women are illiterate (2), and in many parts of the Arab World they are not allowed to continue their learning, despite this being a fundamental right in Islam that considers the education of women in particular as essential for the construction of society. Furthermore, women do not enjoy the right to vote in many Arab countries. For example in Kuwait, they do not have the right to elect until two years. This bad situation for women in the Arab World should be considered and analysed as soon as possible, because womens role in society cannot be denied, otherwise the whole of society will be threatened. Therefore, the improvement of education for women and the elimination of high female illiteracy rates in the Arab World is an urgent necessity, and can be achieved by making primary school education both free and compulsory. The most dangerous problem in the Arab World is the widespread illiteracy, which is threatening future development. The UN report found that one third of Arabs are illiterate and only $10 per person is spent on scientific research (3). The report also found that almost nine million children of primary school age are not attending school in the Arab World. Based on the general census of the population for the year 2004, the illiteracy rate among those aged 10 years and over was 45.7%, with a significant disparity between male and female males had an illiteracy rate of 29.8% as opposed to females at 62.1% (4). No one can deny how serious this problem is, since it is the cause of many other problems such as poverty, disease and death. The highest rate of illiteracy recorded is among women, since the female education in the Arab World is seen as less important, especially in rural areas. The Arabic governments, organisations and international organisations must cooperate and work togeth er to reduce this high rate of illiteracy, and an enlightenment campaign must be held in the rural areas to let people know the importance of the education of women in society. Arab governments have to make education more accessible and increase the number of schools, especially in rural areas and deserts, where the rate of illiteracy among nomads is very high. They must also reward those who become literate. However, these plans are in vain if there is no money available, so a respectable amount of money should be specified for the purpose of fighting illiteracy among Arabic people. This money can support all efforts to improve education and be spent on helping poor people to continue learning, especially if we take into consideration that poverty is one of the main causes of illiteracy. In conclusion, unemployment, illiteracy and the neglect of women are just some of the social and economic problems of the Arab World. Unemployment is a serious challenge because it is the cause of many social and economic problems, and can lead to an increase in crime, poverty, illiteracy and humiliation, as people who do not work do not have enough money to live a respectable life. Women in the Arab World should enjoy their rights that are stated in Islam because if they are educated, they can play an essential role in life, which benefits the whole of society. In Islam it is said that if you teach a male, you teach an individual, but if you teach a female, you teach a whole nation. The last problem that we discussed was the problem of illiteracy in the Arab World and how this hinders progress and development, and causes many social and economic problems such as poverty and a high rate of fertility, which in turn is another serious problem. It is clear that all of these problems are related to each other in one way or another, so Arab governments must be aware of how to face these through working hard and planning to prevent them from worsening. Furthermore, rich Arab states such as Qatar and UAE can participate in the efforts to reduce the suffering in poor areas. For example, the campaign led by Dubai to help blind people get their sight back was a great success all over the world. REFERENCES Rivlin, P. Economic policy and performance in the Arab World. p.36. Al-Quds Al-Arabi (London), December 4, 1999. http://www.menassat.com/?q=en/news-articles/7272-un-arab-world-rife-illiteracy-lacks-innovation http://www.yementimes.com/DefaultDET.aspx?i=1226p=fronta=2

Emotions Essay -- essays research papers

Emotions No matter how hard you try, you cannot control your emotions, only attempt to hide them. Emotions influence every aspect of our lives, what we do, what we say, and et cetera. All of our emotions, from anger to insecurity, are influenced by several factors, just as our lives are influenced by our emotions (Gelinas, Emotions 35). First of all, it causes problems when one does not trust himself, and it shows up in many ways. Some people brag to call attention to themselves, causing others to believe that the egoistic person has a lot of self-respect. Very often though, egotism can be an attempt to cover up insecurity in a person who does not feel they will be good enough without it (Gelinas, Emotions 36). Bragging about one’s achievements, material possessions, or achievements reveals a sense of inferiority. Even though one may brag their whole lives, they never reach a sense of well being. This is caused by fixation, which is when a person does not grow emotionally after a certain point (Gelinas, Emotions 64). A person that brags a great deal may also be considered a snob. A snob may not act as a braggart for the same reasons egoistic people do, for what snobs do is act so that they end up isolating themselves. They do this to avoid the trouble of friends, responsibilities, and emotional relationships by giving a snobbish attitude to the people who put up with these things (Gelinas, Emotions 45). Another sign of...

Imagining the Hansen Family and Birmingham Bomb Kills Four

Alyssa Prior 2/7/13 English 3rd period Mr. Haydon ?â€Å"There are things that we don’t want to happen but have to accept, things we don’t want to know but have to learn, and people we can’t live without but have to let go† (Unknown Author). As a nation, the people will be faced with adversity but with every step we accept, learn, cherish and let go. Anna Quiden, writer for Newsweek magazine, describes the aftermath of the attacks of 9/11. She writes this for the friends and family of te victims and all the concerned Americans across the country. Her article is filled with hope, so that the people can stand together and unite as one.Another hardship that has shaped America was written in the New York Times in 1963, by Claude Sittton called â€Å"Birmingham Bomb kills 4. † This article was written about the riots and the bombing of a church in Birmingham, Alabama during the civil rights movement in thedeep south. He writes to inform the people of the events happening and to describe that there was no such thing as â€Å"separate but equal† in the radically divided town of Birmingham. In the articles â€Å"Imagining the Hansen Family† and â€Å"Birmingham Bomb Kills 4,† both authors use tragic imagery to passionately portray the devastation, destruction and death caused by hate. The article by Anna Quiden, â€Å"Imagining the Hansen Family,† she uses dramatic imagery to portray the feeling ofdevastation and destruction of the horrific event that changed America. In this article by Quiden, she relies back to the hard past. â€Å"They left behind not so much monumental mass of rubble, but tricycles, sweater drawers, love letters, flower beds, books, video cameras, unpaid bills, untidy kitchens, mothers, fathers,uncles, brothers, sons, daughters, friends from Maine to California. 9/11 didn’t just affect the people who died, it affected a whole nation, whether you knew people that wereinvolved or not. So much was left behind, houses, families, a life. The author uses this form of polysyndeton to show that they didn’t take down buildings when they crashed those two planes, but they took people’s lives. â€Å"But what they were doing was blowing families to bits. † It really sets a somber tone, seeing all was lost in this one day, in these few hours. It makes it feel more real, having all the factors of, the daily routine of life.This uses logos, pathos, and ethos in just this one quote. The emotion pours out of the article, the logic in all that was lost, and the reputation of Americans. Hardships happen every day, all throughout American history, there will be some in the future, some in the present, and some in the past that have shaped us a nation. ?We often look back to our past to see where we have come. In the â€Å"Birmingham Bomb Kills 4† by Claude Sitton, he uses vivid imagery to describe the scenes of the tragic bombing on the dangerous s treets of Birmingham.In the article, Sitton reports, â€Å"The blast blew gaping holes through the walls†¦ Floors of offices in the rear of the sanctuary appeared near collapse†¦ splintered window frames, glass and timbers. † Four little girls were subject t the bomb in the church. Sitton explains that three of children’s parents are teachers. He shows the true tragedy of death of innocent children in the church, a holy place of God. The article sets a sympathetic and knowledgeable tone. It has all the facts from the incident, how they found the girls â€Å"huddled under debris. † This quote paints a picture for the reader, bringing the scene to the eyes.The imagery is clear and realistic. Sitton probably entered these type of details through imagery to appeal to your emotional senses of pathos. This tragic imagery puts a feeling of sadness into the article, not only touching the reader’s heart but putting the author’s emotion into the ar ticle too. America has experienced tragedies every day, but these events are what make this nation, The UNITED States of America. In conclusion, both Quindlen and Sitton show both sides of tragic events. The imagery used in the articles sets a realistic tone, emphasizing the great emotion that came with both of these tragedies.Innocent lives were taken, four little girls and other countless blacks in the civil rights era and innocent lives in the collapse of the twin towers of 2011. Both changing a nation, shaping it and bringing the people together. Unbelievable events of sorrow still impact America to this day, as the nation honor the lives to the people that sacrificed for all we have, for America. In the articles, both authors use vivid imagery of American disasters and the loss of innocent lives to emphasize its effect on the people that rise as nation through the debris of hate. ?

How to Write an Expository Essay on Evolution of Human Behavior

How to Write an Expository Essay on Evolution of Human Behavior With any writing assignment it is important to know the basic structure for the body paragraphs of an essay, especially when dealing with expository type of essay. When you are tasked with any writing assignment for an expository essay on the evolution of human behavior one of the key aspect you have to cover our of course the body paragraphs. Many students struggle with body paragraphs simply because they do not understand exactly what is required of them in this area. Body paragraphs constitute the center of the assignment and they fall in between the introduction and conclusion. Preparation Preparing for your writing process means having everything you need laid out, a plan in place in the form of an outline, and of course the topic already narrowed down sufficiently enough to cover the number of pages you have laid out in your assignment details When you are crafting the body section of your expository essay on the evolution of human behavior it is important to note that each paragraph in the body should constitute one key subject or idea that you want to present. This means that if you have five supporting arguments for your topic you should have five body paragraphs, one for each of the supporting topics. Writing You want each of the body paragraphs for the expository essay on the evolution of human behavior to have roughly the same amount of evidence. Taking the example above, if you have five key ideas that you want to present and you have five body paragraphs, you want each of those body paragraphs to contain the same amount of evidence. So with three of your paragraphs have five pieces of data but two of your paragraphs only have one or two pieces of data then you need to revisit the structure of your body paragraphs to see if you can expound upon the two ideas that lack the same amount of data or perhaps migrate them so that they become one paragraph instead of two. You also want to make sure that you have good transitions for your expository essay on the evolution of human behavior. Your reader should be taken smoothly from one paragraph to the next. This means that you need to use transitional language that helps them to move from the end of one to the beginning of another without any conflicts. This transition should not be abrupt or confusing. It should be very easy and very smooth. Review If you have already drafted your introduction or your conclusion you want to make sure that you review what you wrote and that the information contained in both the introduction and conclusion match the actual information presented in the body paragraphs. If you edited the structure or got rid of one key idea because it lacked sufficient evidence then you must make sure that you edited that same piece of information as it was presented in the introduction or the conclusion. This is important to the overall flow of your final work. This guide should hold your through the process of writing this essay genre. You may also take fancy in our 20 topics and 1 sample  essay on evolution of human behavior as well as our 10 solid facts on this matter.

Countries With Multiple Capital Cities

Countries With Multiple Capital Cities Twelve countries around the world have multiple capital cities for a variety of reasons. Most split administrative, legislative, and judicial headquarters between two or more cities. Benin Porto-Novo is the official capital of Benin but Cotonou is the seat of government. Bolivia The administrative capital of Bolivia is La Paz while the legislative and judicial (also known as constitutional) capital is Sucre. Cote dIvoire In 1983, President Felix Houphouet-Boigny moved the capital of Cote dIvoire from Abidjan to his hometown of Yamoussoukro. This made the official capital Yamoussoukro but many government offices and embassies (including the United States) remain in Abidjan. Israel In 1950, Israel proclaimed Jerusalem as their capital city. However, all countries (including the United States) maintain their embassies in Tel Aviv-Jaffa, which was Israels capital from 1948 to 1950. Malaysia Malaysia has moved many administrative functions from Kuala Lumpur to a suburb of Kuala Lumpur called Putrajaya. Putrajaya is a new high-technology complex 25 km (15 miles) south of Kuala Lumpur. The Malaysian government has relocated administrative offices and the Prime Ministers official residence. Nonetheless, Kuala Lumpur remains the official capital. Putrajaya is part of a regional Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC). The MSC itself is also home to Kuala Lumpur International Airport and the Petronas Twin Towers. Myanmar On Sunday, November 6, 2005 civil servants and government officials were ordered to move immediately from Rangoon to a new capital, Nay Pyi Taw (also known as Naypyidaw) 200 miles north. While governmental buildings in Nay Pyi Taw had been under construction for more than two years, its construction was not widely publicized. Some report the timing of the move was related to astrological recommendations. The transition to Nay Pyi Taw continues so both Rangoon and Nay Pyi Taw retain capital status. Other names might be seen or used to represent the new capital and nothing is solid as of this writing. Netherlands Though the legal (de jure) capital of the Netherlands is Amsterdam, the actual (de facto) seat of government and residence of the monarchy is The Hague. Nigeria The capital of Nigeria was officially moved from Lagos to Abuja in December 2, 1991 but some offices remain in Lagos. South Africa South Africa is a very interesting situation as it has three capitals. Pretoria is the administrative capital, Cape Town is the legislative capital, and Bloemfontein is the home of the judiciary. Sri Lanka Sri Lanka has moved the legislative capital to Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte, a suburb of the official capital in Colombo. Swaziland Mbabane is the administrative capital and Lobamba is the royal and legislative capital. Tanzania Tanzania officially designated its capital as Dodoma but only the legislature meets there, leaving Dar es Salaam as the de facto capital city.

Property Law and Practice - Report on Legal Liability Assignment

Property Law and Practice - Report on Legal Liability - Assignment Example Act, 1996 states that no landowner can carry out construction or repair work to his property, which might impact an adjacent property without adhering the procedures laid down in the Act. An owner who is willing to initiate construction work stipulated under the Act must serve a notice to adjacent owners about their plan in the mode as prescribed in the Act. If a minor repair work is carried on the party wall, there is no need to serve notice under the Act. The Act covers both residential and commercial properties. (Wood et al, p.205). It is to be noted that adjoining owners may accept or disown what is proposed. When the adjacent owners oppose, the Act offers a way for solving the issues. The procedure set at the Party Wall Act is distinct from getting planning approval or approval under building regulations. Under section 2 of the Act, the owner should serve a notice to the adjacent owner where the proposed construction work is to a subsisting party wall even where the work may not extend away from the centre line of a party wall. It is not necessary that a party wall shall inevitably to have a border line running through its centre line but can stand astride peculiarly over it. A owner should serve a notice on the adjoining owners of a party wall about the intended construction or excavation and where a disagreement arises as regards to a party wall under section 1, or when no written consent has been received within fourteen days from the date of service of notice under section 2, then, issue has to be resolved with the help of a surveyor through a dispute resolution mechanism. The primary aim is that by placing the matters out of the parties’ purview, and assigning them to the independent experts, the Act offers Owners with a magnitude of certainty and minimises the peril of work being prolonged by protracted discussions. The Act places more onus on surveyors as the surveyors are required to comprehend where Act is applicable, and what has to be adh ered so as to make sure that a property owner adheres with the Act as the non-adherence will have disastrous outcomes. In Roadrunner case, Court of Appeal held that non-compliance of the Act will not only attract damages for non-adherence but also the Court will not take a lenient view of the failure by a party to adhere with the Act. Thus, this case stresses that a property owner who fails to adhere with the provisions of the Act is accountable for damages suffered by another party in spite of nonexistence of concrete corroboration that repairs carried out by that party really responsible for that damages. (Hannaford & Stephens, 2004, p.xiv). The above Act provides some rights to building owners who intends to carry out some sorts of structural changes to a subsisting party wall in addition to the rights available under common law. In Holbeck Hall Hotel, the Court of Appeal viewed that there is a measured obligation of care or fairness between neighbours to assess the respective pr ivileges and commitments between neighbouring owners. If a building owner must be careful not even start repairing his own side of the party wall without informing the adjacent owners of the proposed repair or construction. (Hannaford & Stephens, 2004, p.xiii). It is to be noted that though the Act does not make it compulsory to serve a notice on the adjacent owners, but adjoining owners can prevent the construction work through a court injection or through other legal means. Further, it is to be noted t

Callbration of air sampling pump Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Callbration of air sampling pump - Lab Report Example The volume flow rate, in this case, was a concept introduced to determine the volume of a fluid flowing past a given cross sectional area per second. In which case, the air sample is collected with a vacuum pump thereby allowing for determination rate of flow and time. The product of the sampling rate and sampling time gives the volume of air sampled. This hints on the importance of determining the volume rate at which the air pump is sampling air. The formula normally used for determining the volume flow rate is as follows: The concept of volume flow rate of air formed the basis for this lab, whereby an air sampling pump used. Soap solution is used and the time it takes a soap bubble to rise in the air sampling pump is recorded. Finally, the volume of the air is divided by the time taken to give the flow rate. An air sampling pump was obtained from the lab technician. The air sampling pump was calibrated against a 250 ml calibrator. Clamp and stand was set and burette fixed in place. 250 Ml burette was then obtained and filled with soap solution. A soap solution was prepared in a petri dish and then 250 ml of the solution was transferred into the burrete. With the 250 ml calibrator, the rise of the bubble through the 250 ml volume was timed using the stop watch. The time was recorded for trial 1. The whole procedure was repeated 4 more times with consistency for trial 2 to trial 5. The average for the consistent times was then computed and the result converted to liters per minute. The experiment was successful in achieving the objective previously stated thereby proving the validity of calibration of air sampling pump. The calibration process, during the experiment, paved way for obtaining the variables required in calculating the volume rate of air. The volume of the sample air was determined and the rise of the bubble timed. From the calibration, the experiment was